Building the Mindfulness City: Lessons from Special Economic Zones

Abstract

Bhutan is building a new city, Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC), with the goal of leapfrogging into a high-tech service economy, while preserving and promoting its cultural heritage of Vajrayana Buddhism.  GMC–as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ)/Special Administrative Region (SAR)–will pursue a new model of urban development, ensuring a balance between economic prosperity and spiritual well-being.  This paper is a perspective article that draws lessons from SEZs in China, Singapore, Dubai, and beyond to inform the development of the GMC in Bhutan. The paper identifies key factors – location, infrastructure, regulatory environment, human capital development, and integration with global and local value chains – that will drive the success of GMC, while requiring Bhutan to address the challenges of youth unemployment, brain drain, limited domestic savings, and an underdeveloped financial system. The paper concludes that GMC would benefit from a comprehensive needs assessment and strategic focus, based on global best practices, to realise its full potential as a new model of urban development.